The evangelist included the signs in order to make people believe Essay Example for Free

The evangelist included the signs in order to make people believe EssayThere is much speculation from scholars as to why John chose to include the signs, which atomic number 18 unique to the quaternary gospel. Broadly speaking, there are two main views. The first is that the signs were intended purely to be ideal draws of deliverer miracles, featuring historically and topographically concomitantual details. The second, and perhaps more widely held, is that John had an evangelistic project in mind when he wrote the signs he valued to make his readers believe.John chooses to use the word semeia, meaning signs, rather than the dunameis (mighty act, used in the synoptics) to de none the miracles that delivery boy performs. Whereas act is a word firmly root in a particular place and timeframe, the word sign evokes the idea of the miracles pointing to something else, or foretelling a future event. It implies a greater role and purpose to Jesus miracles than the acts themselves , a divine scheme, thus helping the reader see the link between Jesus (who looks like an ordinary person) and the Father. Johns choice of words wholly suggests he wanted the signs to be seen by the reader in a theological light, not an historical one. In fact, John explicitly says of the signsThese are create verbally that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name. (John 2031)Tasker mentions that some scholars in the past believed this controversy to be a later addition to the gospel, by a later author or redactor. However, since there is no evidence for this, it is necessary to assume that the airplane pilot author of Johns gospel wrote the statement themselves. For this reason, it cannot be denied that one of, if not the, main purpose of the signs is to fulfil an evangelistic role.Some might argue that there are parts of the signs that seem to contradict this purpose. For example, neither the third or fourth s ign ends with true faith from those involved. In the third sign, the Healing at the Pool, the stultify man does not embrace Christs teachings but instead goes straight to the Jewish authorities, and even tries to shift blame onto Jesus for disregarding the rules of the Sabbath. At the end of the fourth sign, the Feeding of the 5,000, the crowd tries to make Jesus king by force. They do not construe that, as Sanders and Mastin put it, Jesus was a king, buthis kinship was not of this world. Both signs three and four end in the same way with Jesus quietly leaving the scene, because he has failed to inspire people to faith as he had hoped.Although these signs do result in negative outcomes, they are quite possibly a tool John has deliberately employed to help his readers understand the nature of faith. By giving clear examples of people not recognising Christ as the Messiah, either by falling back on the comfortable familiarity of Judaism (as did the lame man) or misunderstanding the nature of Jesus authority (like the crowd that were fed), the reader is better able to understand what it means to believe. They can also empathise with Jesus frustration at the fact that he is not producing the effect he intended, even having performed great miracles before peoples eyes, and so begin to know Jesus as a person as well as his divinity.Another objection to the statement in the title is that John includes many details that seem to reply no other purpose than to document the particulars of the sign. For example, in the third sign, there is mention of the Sheep Gate at the Pool in Bethsaida, the five stone colonnades and the fact that the man in question had been mettlesome for 38 years.However, these are not necessarily included by John for the sake of being historically and topographically accurate. Some details could be symbolic. For example, Marsh suggests that the 38 years could be a deliberate correspond to the 40 days that Moses spent wandering the desert. This parallel might be intended as a subtle message to the reader that Christ has fulfilled Judaism, making it good, just as Jesus makes the crippled man better in the sign. The details that John includes in the signs may also be a way of validating them and convincing the reader that Jesus miracles did take place.It seems that the title claim is justified, and that Johns main purpose for the signs was in fact to make his readers believe. Not only is it explicitly stated in John 2031, but there is evidence for it throughout the signs. Whilst it appears at first that the gospel being a theological piece of writing and it being an accurate account are mutually exclusive, the two attributes do overlap. As Marsh notes, the historical and topographical details in John often give rise to symbolisation and provoke theological thought, and can be just as important as the fictitious component of the signs in encouraging faith in the reader.

The media coverage Essay Example for Free

The media coverage EssayWrite a team report explaining the nature of the crisis or problem. Discuss the media coverage, cite how the crisis or problem was handled by the person on the organization staff and critique the way the situation was handled by the media and the organization. Segregation between different ethic groups is reciprocal around the world. The tendency of mixing around with ones own race, especially in ones private space, is observable not only in capital of Singapore but alike in many other countries. Here in this report, we will look into the issue of racial discrimination in Singapore. What causes the individuals here to feel alienated or under-represented? Is there any possibility of us rising above the differences and appreciate them for what they are? Will the differences become transparent? How the government ensures that the minorities here are prone equality with the rest? How did the government handle much(prenominal) situations? Have the governmen t put in enough effort to handle these racial tensions? IntroductionSingapore, a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society where all individual are given free reign to practice the religion of their choice. Four major racial groups will be Chinese, Malays, Indians and Eurasians. Therefore, to prevent any racial discrimination between the four groups, the government has made conscious effort in ensuring that the different ethnic groups in Singapore are equally represented. One big hurdle will be to achieve racial harmony between ethnic groups, encourage individuals to foster respect, concord and acceptance of cultures within ones society.Some minorities has raise the issue of feeling alienated by the society and that the government has not done enough to reduce such issue. Still, through the recent survey, the majority of Singaporeans think of themselves more as citizens of Singapore than the race they are. This applies equally to all the three larger racial groups Chinese, Malays and Indians. The strong depicted object identity has still remained important within us and majority support Singapore to have a multi-racial society which allows for ethnicity and representation of ethnic identity.Social integration cannot be achieved by holding a campaign or relying on the government implementation. It has to come from individual effort. Even though that there is a fine issue within these ethnic groups, we are still united and strong and able to fight against any destruction to protect our own nation. The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome crisis, Fabric of Nation and National Day has definitely showed the strong bond between these four ethnic groups.

Human Rights Violations by the Armed Forces

Human Rights Violations by the Armed ForcesCHAPTER IV ALLEGED HR VIOLATIONS BY THE ARMED FORCESIN NE INDIAFundamental violations of human rights always lead to concourse feeling less and less human. San Suu KyiIndias CI ops in the NE nonplus eachegedly resulted in widespread HR violations including, torture, forced disappearances, extra-judicial killing, blow, de decenniumtion without trial, and harsh restrictions on freedom of assembly, movement and expression. Human rights abuses have been ever now linked with the AFSPA, 1958, which was enacted in response to the Naga insurgency movement in then Assam State and union territory of Manipur.Between 2005 and 2008, the number of security soldiers killed in the trade unioneast declined from 71 to 46 per year. In that same period, the ACHR notes an increase in the number of reported civilian deaths (1666) in the region.1 As per media reports, out of those killed genuinely few died in combat with gird forces. Instead most were k illed in fake encounters where in an individual is usually picked-up by police or armed forces and later his dead body is found at a secluded location, in rebel uniform and planted with a forbidden weapon and round unregistered (illegal) SIM cards.In February 2012, two judges of the Supreme Court, intervening in a case where the interchange Bureau of Investigation was seeking to prosecute regular army officers accused of murdering five villagers in Jammu Kashmir, in what is known as the Pathribal incident, declared clearly that AFSPAs protection was limited to acts conducted in the line of duty. You go to a place in exercise of AFSPA, you commit rape, you commit murder, then where is the question of sanction? It is a normal crime which needs to be prosecuted, and that is our stand, declared the bench of Justices Swatanter Kumar and B.S. Chauhan.2Thangjam Manamora DeviOn 10 Jul 04, a 29 yr old Manipuri woman named Thangjam Manorama Devi was allegedly picked up from her residence by the troops of 17th Assam Rifles. The next sunrise her bullet ridden body was found in the field at a short distance from her residence. The autopsy of her corpse suggested rape and murder. Assam Rifles claimed that she was shot for her attempt to escape. punt the incident an inquiry focusing was set up by the Manipur Govt. The commission submitted its report in Nov 2004, but the Guwahati High Court ruled that the State Govt has no jurisdiction over the Assam Rifles because of its deployment to a lower place AFSPA.3The Assam Rifles, for its part, has refused to cooperate with the Judicial missionary station instituted by the Ibobi Singh Govt to probe the circumstances that led to Manoramas death. It moved the Guwahati High Court and obtained an interim hold on on the summoning of its personnel by the commission. Col. Jag Mohan, Commandant of 17 Assam Rifles, requested the commission to set aside the proceedings against Assam Rifles personnel since a appeal had been filed in the Guwahati High Court.The Assam Rifles petition in the High Court said that the commission has been summoning persons who do not come under its jurisdiction. In the past, nigh judicial inquiry commissions had to be wound up on technical grounds. Under the AFSPA, no prosecution process can be initiated against personnel of the Central forces without first obtaining the Centres approval. The Assam Rifles moved the High Court certainly not without the prior sanction of both the Home and Defence Ministries. Quoting the first post-mortem report of Manorama, Assam Rifles denied the charge of rape of her by its personnel.4Mr Colin Gonsalves, a senior advocate of the Supreme Court has stated that Not only man on the street, but even judges have been arbitrarily picked up, detained and tortured by the men in uniform deriving unlimited and unaccounted powers from the Armed forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. If the judiciary cannot protect itself, how can it do justice to the nation of Manipur.5Guwahati High Court ruled for the submission of report of Inquiry commission naturalized by State Govt to the Home ministry and since then this report has not been make public. This shocking incident resulted in wide scale unprecedented protests throughout the state. Anger and anguish among the locals reached such a level where a group of nub aged women stripped naked outside the headquarters of Assam Rifles and shouted slogans Indian Army Rape Us. In order to reach out to the feelings of Manipuri people then Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh promised the people of Manipur to review the AFSPA.6Irom Chanu SharmilaIrom Sharmila is a 42 years old woman from Manipur who is also referred to as The Iron Lady of Manipur for her hungriness strike which she started on 2 Nov 2000. She has been called the worlds longest hunger striker for having refused food and water for more than 14 years.On 2 Nov 2000, ten civilians were allegedly killed by the armed forces operating in the stat e under AFSPA at Malom town in the Imphal valley. Protesting the Malom Massacre Sharmila started her unending hunger strike which is proceed till date. Her main demand to the central Govt is complete bring up of AFSPA which has been perceived by the local Manipuri people as the root cause of the HR violations by the armed forces.7Justice Jeevan Reddy Committee.As mentioned above, during the visit of Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh to Manipur in 2004, he promised the people to consider the review of AFSPA. Thereafter a committee was constituted by the Central Govt, under the chairmanship of Justice (Retired) BP Jeevan Reddy, on 19 Nov 04 to recommend either changes in the set out act or to replace the AFSPA in present form with a more humane act. The committee also included four other members.During the course of its work, the committee members met several individuals, organisations, parties, institutions and NGOs, which resulted in the report stating that the Act, for any(prenom inal) reason, has become a symbol of oppression, an object of hate and an instrument of discrimination and high handedness. The report clearly stated that It is highly desirable and advisable to repeal the Act altogether, without of course, losing sight of the overwhelming desire of an overwhelming majority of the North East region that the Army should remain (though the Act should go).8The committee submitted its report to the Central Govt in disdainful 2005. The Govt has not yet decided on the recommendations proposed by the committee. Some of the important recommendations of the committee are as follows9-(a) AFSPA should be repealed. The Act is too sketchy, too brazen and quite inadequate in several particulars.(b) Insertion of appropriate provisions in the Un integrityful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (as amended in the year 2004) would be more appropriate, kind of of suggesting a new piece of legislation. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 as amended in 2004 by t he Parliament should be the only law to deal with all kinds of natural security problems including the threats of insurgency and terrorism.(c) A chapter needs to be added to facilitate employment of armed forces in the present Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 as amended in 2004. The plan chapter has also been included in report of the Reddy committee as compatible to the constitutional principles.Justice Santosh Hegde CommitteeThe Supreme Court of India by its order go out 4th Jan 2013 appointed Justice Santosh Hegde commission with directions to make thorough inquiry in the first six cases detailed in Compilation I filed by the writ petitioners in WP (Crl) No.129 of 2012, with further directions to the commission to record a finding regarding the past antecedents of the victims and the circumstances in which they were killed.10The Apex Court further directed the commission to report regarding the functioning of State Police and Security Forces and if necessary the comm ission was mandated to make recommendations for keeping the police and the security forces within the legal bounds without flexile the fight against insurgency.11The specific cases which were enquired by the commission are as per the details given below12-After carrying out the detailed inquiry in respect of all six case the Justice Santosh Hegde Commission submitted its report on 30 Mar 13. Following are the highlights of the recommendations proposed by the commission13-(a) The six cases which were inquired by the commission were flagrant examples of AFSPAs gross abuse.(b) With a burgeoning, restive and youthful population only proactive inclusive governance can hope for some stability.(c) Commission was in respectful agreement with the finding of Justice Jeevan Reddy committee that AFSPA has become a symbol of oppression, an object of hate and instrument of discrimination and high headedness.(d) It is time to progressively de-notify more areas of the Manipur State under section 3 of AFSPA. If at any stage of the de-notification there is a serious and continued regression in the law and order situation, it should be open to the appropriate Govt to reconsider the options available to it.(e) The Dos and Donts, laid down by the Supreme Court during its 1997 verdict, may be given statutory status.(f) A sensitive, proactive and responsive administration will go long way in normalizing the situation and winning the self-assertion of the people.(g) All cases of encounters resulting in death are reviewed once in three months by a committee chaired by the Head of the State Human Rights Commission with Principal Secretary Home and DG of the state as members.(h) Central Govt be given a reasonable time to pass order under Section 6 of AFSPA, preferably within three months from the date of its receipt of the request of the prosecution, failing which its sanction will be presumed.ConclusionApart from the cases of HR violations discussed above, there are many other cas es some of which are not even reported. These HR violations clearly show the undesired consequences of employing the Armed Forces for the task which under the normal circumstances should have been undertaken by the state law enforcing agencies. When the Armed Forces are deployed for prolonged duration for maintenance of public order, there is ample surmisal of certain member from the forces seeking advantage of the power and position to harass or trample upon the rights of the local people. Hence the act needs to be analysed in detail to ascertain the availability of suitable checks and balances to prevent the appalling HR violations by the Armed Forces.Footnotes1 Lierde Van Frank, We, Widows of the Gun, A joint publication from Manipuri NGOs Women in Governance (WinG), the Gun Victims Survivors Association (GVSA), Human Rights Alert (HRA), the Extrajudicial Execution Victims Families Manipur (EEVFAM) and the Dutch international development organization Cordaid, 2011, p-13.2 An abo mination called AFSPA, The Hindu 12 Feb 2013, http//www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/an-abomination-called-afspa/article4405641.ece accessed on 15 Nov 14.3 Thangjam Manorama, Wikipedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangjam_Manorama accessed on 15 Nov 14.4 Talukdar Sushanta, Manipur on fire, Frontline Aug28-Sep10,2004, http//www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2118/stories/20040910007400400.htm accessed on 16 Nov 14.5 The Murder of Manorama, http//www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/02 STATE AND ARMY POLICE REPRESSION/B Assam and the north east/11.pdf accessed on 15 Nov 14.6 Dr. Manmohan Singh was amiable with Manipur leaders, assured to amend armed forces special powers law with a new humane law, Asian Tribune, 01 Nov 04, http//www.asiantribune.com/news/2004/11/01/dr-manmohan-singh-was-amiable-manipur-leaders-assured-amend-armed-forces-special-pow accessed on 15 Nov 14.7 Irom Chanu Sharmila, Wikipedia, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irom_Chanu_Sharmila accessed on 15 Nov 14.8 Justic e(Retd) BP Jeevan Reddy Committees Report, 6 Jun 05.9 Ibid.10 Report of Supreme Court Appointed Justice Santosh Hegde Commission, P-1.11 Ibid12 Ibid, P- 4,5.13 Ibid, P- 95-104.

Importance Of Environmental Protection In Malaysia Tourism Essay

Importance Of Environmental Protection In Malaysia Tourism undertakeConservation and environmental protection are very consequential in Malaysia. Environment stabilization and maintaining to ensure that Malaysia create protection area for fauna and industrial plant much(prenominal) as embedment of national parks. It is beca spend input from natures resources are primary(prenominal) to economic. While environmental quality on the other hand is productive plus for society.Tropical natures are one of the of the essence(predicate) assets to touristry sector of a country. As a country with equator climate, Malaysia has unique natures and island row. Recently, Malaysia started move forward to become a developed country. Various sectors which become role model in order in development strategies for event industrial sector, agri nuance and tourism. Through tourism sector, Malaysia find introduced some inborn place which become focus point for tourist as their delight place for t he purpose to kill their conviction and for enjoyable activities for employment at national park, forest reserve and islands. Therefore, Malaysia afford make tourism sector as a major source of returns if the natures beauty can be always maintained. At the same time, tourism industry has avail and growing clearly show that Malaysia has unique attractiveness. Besides that, multi racial people with different heathenishal delay peace in one country make Malaysia become more unique and more attract outside tourist arrival and this is a source of profit for the country. Therefore cultural kind and arts is key determinant in attract tourists. accede 1.1 Number of arrival according to nationality Sarawak categoryNationality20042005Malaysia2,092,7042,248,829Singapore40,32942,912Australia and New Zealand30,40328,066Canada11,3109.062Hong Kong1,100593India12,92412,426United Kingdom and Ireland44,26742,136Brunei1,280,1351,354,148America10,97311,207China11,76811,207West Europe19,26818,729 East Europe9921,355Filipina104,341101,521Indonesia379,477449,327Japan10,2459,142Taiwan8,2837,472Thailand17,18917,994Others258,183198,704 derive4,333,8914,577,489(Source Immigration Department, Sarawak)Table 1.2 Number of arrival according to resign SarawakTahunState20042005Kuching779,135859,320Sibu127,454166,018Miri311,445332,669Bintulu41,03273,167Limbang243,762238,465Total4,333,8911,669,639(Source Immigration Department, Sarawak)Apart from that, infrastructure facilities is one of the factor of tourist arrival. It is because tourists testament contain allay and seek solace when confab to a country. For example, many tourists who come to the Malaysia is to enjoy beautiful beauty of the natures and the unique of cultural diversity. So the comfortable of accommodation such as hotel, chalet and so on as a factor to attract tourist arrival. Accommodation facility consort important role cause this bequeath be a factor to determine whether tourist will stay long or otherwise.Sara wak is the biggest state in Malaysia which famous with rich of various pagan groups of culture and rich in history and heritage and also known as Land of Hornbills. Sarawak non only the largest state in Malaysia, it also was the state that divide to a lot area and contain longest river in Malaysia, largest flower in the world, largest moth in the world, widen cave in the world, oldest tropical rain forest and the first person emerge in Southeast Asian available in Sarawak. This had show that Sarawak is unique and distinctive. Recreation place in Sarawak consist of natural view area and cultural centers such as Sarawak Cultural crossroads. Sarawak Cultural Village popular with natural beauty among local and oversea tourists.The rich of ecology, biologic and tradition in Sarawak Cultural Village really amazing. Therefore, efforts was being improved towards preserve ecology diversity, biological and tradition in Cultural Village. It is because cultural diversity and tradition of t he local people able to attract a lot of tourists visit to this land of hornbills. Sarawak state indeed rich with various type of culture and ethnic such as Malay dance, Chinese and others ethnic in Sarawak which able to entertain tourist especially those tourist that like to see federation life in Sarawak. Since cultural village started open to visit, so indirectly exist damage and pollution risk to the natures and beauty scene. Therefore, cultural village fork over to be preserve scenic beauty and traditional residence from threatened by human.Sarawak Cultural Village BackgroundSarawak Cultural Village located at Damai Beach Santubong and approximately 35km from the state capital Kuching town and dubbed as living museum in Sarawak. Sarawak Cultural Village also become a destination moldiness be visited for those who first step to Land of Hornbills. This living museum officially opened since February 1990. This living museum consists seven hectares wide and about 150 people livin g in the village which include seven ethnic group namely Bidayuh, Iban, Orang Ulu, Penan, Melanau, Malay and Chinese. And each ethnic have their own lifestyle and traditional cultures for example the building of each ethnic is different, longhouse of the Iban, Bidayuh and Orang Ulu, Melanau live at tall house while Chinese is farm house. Apart from that, the entrance fees to Sarawak Cultural Village show as Table 1.3.Table 1.3 Entrance FeesEntrance feesCategorySarawak citizenNot Sarawak CitizenAdultRM25RM60Children (between 6-12 of age)RM18RM30StudentRM15RM15(Source Sarawak Cultural Village)Figure1.1 Sarawak Cultural Village Location(Sumber Malaxi Damai Beach) pagan Bidayuh known as Dayak Darat come upon 8.4 percents out of total population in Sarawak. Majority ethnic Bidayug stay in long house that located nearby slope of mountain and also nearby river. Their house are made from board and bamboo with sago palm roof. Tourists can enjoy long house lifestyle when visit to this place .Iban tribesman known as Laut Dayak which their long house belief built up with large living room and several bed room. This ethnic most important treasure bravery. Every soldier able to kill enemy, will bestow appreciation as warrior and greeted with custom dances. Hence, Penan lifestyle is nomad style means that dislike stay in a place with long time. Therefore, their residence size also quite small size. Apart from that, Orang Ulu like to build house disoriented in highland and river bank. While Melanau house is the most unique among other Sarawak ethnic, it is because their house is build up 40 feet tall from land, main purpose is to foil attack by enemy and flood. At the same time, local ethnic dance performance including Ngajat Lesong and Ngajat Pahlawan, ethnic musical performance show in sphere Sarawak Cultural Village start from 11.30 oclock in the morning to 4.00 oclock in the afternoon, and every performance take 45 minutes long.Figure 1.2 Total population with ethni c Sarawak 2005(Source Jabatan Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia)1.3 The main(prenominal) of Conservation and Preservation natural resource and cultural in MalaysiaTourist industry depends highly on natural resources and cultural diversity which has strength to kindle and attract tourist arrival. Natures is one asset that apply to attract tourists arrival to see beauty and sense new experience. Awareness on the important of preserve natures in various level (government sector, private sector and society) for establishment of several protected area. Establish Sarawak Cultural Village is one of the approach that used to make sure the place that rich of ecology diversity, biological and cultural heritage preserved and conserve for future generation cause by time pass.Since Sarawak Cultural Village open visit to tourist in year 1990, cultural village record around 70,000 people visit per year. Tourists get return while visit to cultural village including view natures scenic, cultural heritage and handicraft and do various recreation activities and as well as research and learning also. So their entry capable increase economic growth and also Kuching capital development from the return of the cultural village. Indirectly, cultural village establish economic opportunities to society such as job opportunity, income level and others fields. At the same time, tourism growth in Sarawak due to check development at that area. Therefore society nearby can enjoy high quality of infrastructure and facilities.1.4 Problem StatementGeneral know that the beauty of natural scenic and rich of various tradition ethnic play different important role and function. Conservation and retention cultural village concept need improvement but it involves high cost. Therefore, entrepreneur cultural village impose a entrance payment rate around RM60 for adult non Sarawak citizen for the conservation and retention purpose. jibe to policy makers especially government, whatever decision on resource utilization require information related cost and benefit. For example, conservation and retention effort, government require information about cost and benefit to make a decision whether feasible or not. So, the issue is the benefit survey from conservation and retention could not be valued in finance form. That is, benefit value from the conservation and retention only can estimate in quantitative with using concept Willingness To Pay (WTP). The value of WTP on entrance fees to cultural village typified their willingness pay apart from purpose enjoy recreational facility but also conservation and retention program.Evaluation conservation and retention program divide to two aspect namely direct use value and indirect use value. mold use value consists goods and services such as natural scenery and traditional dances of various tribesman. Indirect use value could not be valued in market in fact it more focus on ecology and biology, tribesman residence and recreation prot ection. Therefore, conservation and retention create indirect use value to human and also natures as well.ObjectiveTo accept and estimate WTP value for the purpose of conservation and preservation Sarawak Cultural Village.To identify those factor influence WTP for the cost of preservation for air quality, scenic view. Tradition building in Sarawak Cultural Village.To psychoanalysis the important of Sarawak Cultural Village to societys tradition Sarawak.To develop schema to ensure that retention bring optimum benefit to society Sarawak.1.6 Research ScopeData collection in this study is refer to research initiation which primary selective information collected through questionnaire method. Sampling point focus at area Damai Beach, Santubong, area Sarawak Cultural Village. Total respondent in this study around one hundred and will use interview method based on objective study. Respondent category chosen is individual that has worked. statistical Package for the trail Science (SPSS ) software will be used to strengthened result of the study by looking relationship among each variables.1.7 The Important of ResearchSince 1984, tourism industry show potential returns to economic growth. Hence, government had develop several plan to improve and expansion tourism industry by set up a ministry especially for cultural tourism able increase this industry by Tourism Development Company to promote and dramatize tourism market, facility improvement has been blow overn for investment in this tourism industry. Investment for accommodation projects such as hotel and motel and infrastructure such as recreation center and other facilities were given pioneer status or tax incentive to government. Indirectly those incentives give growth to the country.Government recommend village tourism was one of the new effective alternative which this development product is based on the natural resources and custom of different ethnic. Nowadays, various strategies generated by government to promote natural tourism and the unique of custom as a new attraction tourists. Therefore, tourists nowadays more interest with nature tourism, so government play important role in conserve and maintain the quality of the recreation center and nature in Malaysia can bring positive growth and give benefit to society as well. Besides can promote cultural village which rich of natural environment, society indirectly also can get the benefit and impact from this tourism strategy.From this studies, conservation and retention program were important to environment in Malaysia. Environment stabilization or known as environmental sustainability encourage Malaysia develop more protection area to preserve flora and fauna in a certain park or forest. It is because input from natures is important source to economic. While environmental quality on the other hand is productive asset to society.1.8 Research OrganizationThis project paper will change integrity to five chaptersChapter 1 discuss ab out the important of conservation and preservation of the cultural area in Malaysia. Therefore, this study will issue objective to achieve the conservation study. Apart from that, research scope and methodology also be explained clearly in this chapter.Chapter 2 is part to increase knowledge in the radical area. Besides that, collection previous studies from others economist researcher as a references to identify information and ideas that relevant to this research.Chapter 3 focuses on describing the associated methodology in the analysis of the contingent valuation for conservation and retention of the Sarawak Cultural Village. Method that will be used is Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Furthermore, Statistical Package for the School Science (SPSS) software will be used to strengthened result of the study by looking relationship among each variables. Besides, various test will be run for the independent and dependent variables. Model will be use in this study will be explained clearly in this chapter. suit of data collection in this study is primary data through questionnaire method. Therefore, sampling point focus at area Damai Beach, Santubong, area Sarawak Cultural Village. Total respondent in this study around one hundred and will use interview method based on objective study.Chapter 4 presents the data analysis result of the study with different test. Every decision will be elaborated clearly and performing in graph form and schedule. recitation of result will be stated in this section.Chapter 5 is the last chapter in this study. This chapter would be summarize the study been discussed and provides information to develop policies and strategies to ensure conservation and retention program on cultural village continuously so that future generation have chance to enjoy the benefit and economic value from this conservation.

Potentially Inappropriate Medication at a Private Hospital

potentially hostile medical specialty at a Private HospitalAbstractThe substance abuse of certain practice of medicines in geriatrics when potential risks outweigh the potential benefit and an effective alternative is available is called as Potentially Inappropriate medication. Because geriatrics are more sensitive towards omi nones effects of medications. Beers criteria which is updated and reviewed by Ameri basis Geriatric society list out 53 medications/therapeutic classes of drugs to be avoided in geriatrics. Methodology A potential empirical guide was conducted for 9 months in a 650 bed private corporate hospital, South India. All geriatric patients admitted in the hospital during the study period was include. Beers Criteria 2013 were utilize to identify potentially contrary medications. Result The prevalence of PIM use (52%) was significantly racyer in study community. An avg of 10 drugs were taken by the study population. A total of 215 medications were identif ied as PIMs. Among them 195(90%) medications should be avoided by the geriatrics independent of their condition (category I). 66(60%) of the study population had apply more than iodine PIMs. 91(83%) of the PIM users had atleast integrity DRPs and the specify DRPs value of the PIM users were 1.591.3. Conclusion High prevalence of PIMs in the study population signifies the need of monitoring geriatric ethical drugs.Key words PIMs, Beers Criteria, GeriatricsIntroductionIn recent years proportion of geriatric hospital admission with comorbidity and polypharmacy has been increasing continuously (1, 2). Adverse drug events (ADRs) are the most common reason for hospital admission, but sometimes its not identified. Medication errors (MEs) or conventional adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the common reason for adverse drug events which ends in clinical symptoms. Overall, elderly patients need greater attention to drug therapy and safety parameters (1, 3-5).Greater attention is needed fo r geriatric population collect to age related pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic changes. But appropriate pharmaceutical care for elderly are determined on the basis of clinical trial conducted with adult population.(6) The burden of harm resulting due to the use of multiple drugs in geriatric populations is a major health related problem in developed countries. A research study reveals that most one in four geriatrics admitted to hospitals are prescribed with at least one inappropriate medication and potentially preventable adverse drug reactions accounts for nearly 20% of all inpatient deaths (7).The taxment of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in geriatric is a challenging work and there is a need for considering many factors which influences the prescribing as well as outcome. Eight well known tools are available to identify the PIMs and studies reports that Beers criteria is the best and easy one to assess the PIMs. Beers criteria also has the advantage over other s because it is periodically updated (8).This study therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence of PIM use on geriatric population using Beers criteria 2012 and its association with dose Related Problems (DRPs) .Methodology pick out Site The work entitled A study on prevalence and impact of Potentially Inappropriate Medication use in geriatrics at a private corporate hospital was carried out in a 640 bedded private corporate hospital, South India.Study Design Prospective Observational study.Study Period Nine months.Inclusion criteria Patients above age of 65 yrs.Exclusion criteria The patients who are unwilling to participate in the study and out patientsMETHOD A regular ward rounds was carried out in all the wards of General medicine. Each patients medication write was reviewed. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were briefed on the project with the help of patient information form and if they are willing to participate in the study their consent was obtained. The data fro m medical checkup chart were recorded in customized data entry form.The prescribed drugs were evaluated and PIMs use were identified with the help of Beers criteria. The drugs which are identified as PIM are categorize into followingPotentially inappropriate medications /classes to avoid in geriatrics,Potentially inappropriate medications /classes to avoid in geriatrics with certain pathological condition that the listed PIM use can exacerbateMedications to be used with caution in geriatrics.ADRs associated with PIMs use were assessed. do drugs interaction and ADR was monitored and inform. DRPs and Drug Risk Ratio (DRR) were calculated for PIMs. DRPs were the sum of ADR, drug interaction and drug allergy.DRR was calculated as the upshot of DRPs in relation to how often the drug was used (DRPS/number of times used).Results and DiscussionIn the study period, 212 patients were included in the study as per inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. 110 (52%) patients were found to be prescribed with PIMs listed in Beers criteria (fig no 01). A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2013) (9) reported that PIM prevalence were 38% in their study population. Increased anxiolytics use as a prophylaxis for hospital related anxiety superpower be the reason for high prevalence of PIM than the later study. The total number of patients in study population were 110. Among them 62(56%) were males and 48(44%) were females.The study result reveals that PIMs user are mostly males. A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2012) (9) reported that prevalence of PIM use is more among males than females.The age categorization of PIM users was done. The upper limit age of PIM users was 93 years and hold still for age of PIM users was found to be 70.25.77. The median age for PIM users was 68.5 years.The result indicated that age group of (65-69) were commonly prescribed by PIMs. This results compared with a previous study carried out by Birader K et al (2012) (9) whi ch also reports that PIMs were frequently prescribed in the age group of 65-69 years. The social habit of the PIM users shows that 8(7%) patients were smokers and alcoholics, 14(13%) patients were alcoholics, 21(19%) patients were smokers and 67(61%) patients were teetotalers in PIM users.The comorbidities of the PIM users was analyzed. thither were 52 (47%) suffering from hypertension and 32(29%) were suffering from DM. The results shows that most of the study group had comorbidities of hypertension followed by DM and CVDs. A similar study conducted by Fouquet A (11) also reported that most common diagnosis among their study population was hypertension and diabetes.The number of drugs prescribed for the PIM users were calculated (fig no 2). The mean number of drugs per prescription drug was 9.92 with the maximum of 16 drugs and minimum of 5 drugs prescribed. The above results signifies that all prescriptions were in polypharmacy category. A similar study conducted by Blozik E (12) concluded that one of the main factor for PIM use is polypharmacy.The number of PIM drugs per prescription in the study population was calculated ( flesh no 3). The result reveals that 44(40%) were using one PIM drug, 50(45%) were using devil PIMs, 14(13) were using three PIMs, 1(1%) were using 4 PIMs and the maximum of 5 PIMs use were found in 1(1%) of the study population. 66(60%) of the study population consumed more than one PIM. The mean was found to be 1.80.78 and an avg of 2 PIM was used by the study population. A similar study conducted by Dormann H (2013) (13) were reported that 87% of the study population consumed at least one PIM.Among the PIM users the total number of PIM drugs was calculated and it was found to be 215 drugs. PIM users were categorized into three groups according to Beers criteria. ( send back no 2) There were 195(90%) belongs to category I, 12(6%) were in category II and 8(4%) were in category III.The individual categories of PIM was analyzed. It was f ound that alprazolam 57(52%), clonazepam 17(15%), hyocyamine 10(9%), Lorazepam 10(9%), hydroxyzine 10(9%), zolpidem 10(9%), ketorolac 10(8%) were prescribed in category I (table no 3). A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2013) (16) reported that alprazolam and cimetidine were frequently used PIM among their study population. design of hyocyamine in disability 3(25%) accounts for the most frequent inappropriate drug use in category II (table no 4). Hydroxyzine in constipation 2(17%), cyproheptidine in constipation 2(17%), ketorolac in PUD 2(17%), clonazepam in frequent fall 1(8%), ketorolac in CHF 1(8%) and theophylline in insomnia 1(8%) were other category II inappropriate medication use.Use of escitalapram 3(40%), mirtazapine 2(30%), fluoxetine 1(10%), sertraline 1(10%) and Duloxetine 1(10%) were the category III PIMs (table no5).The DRP among the PIM users were analyzed (fig no . It was found that 19(17%) of the PIM users were free from DRPs. Majority of the study popul ation had at least one drug related problems. The mean value of DRP in the study population was found to be 1.591.3. The minimum observed number of DRP per patient was one and maximum observed number of DRP per patient was six.The ADR use was monitored in the study population. A total number of 40 ADR associated with PIM use (Fig no5) and 14 ADR associated with nonPIM use were identified. The study result reveals that one among three PIM users were found to have at least one ADR. A similar study conducted by N. Nixdorff et al (2008) were also reported that PIM users were found to experience ADR most frequently than nonPIM users.As a part of our study, screening of drug interactions were done. A total number of 131 major drug interactions were identified, in that 111 were unique. Among the drug interactions found 16(12%) were PIM-PIM drug interactions, 39(30%) were PIM-other drugs drug interactions and 76(58%) were caused by non PIM drugs (table no 6).Drug risk ratio were calculated for the study population (table no7). It was observed that prochlorperazine had the highest DRR (4) followed by phenobarbitone (2), digoxine (2), pentazocine (2) and duloxetine (2).The statistical analysis of obtained results has been done using statistical tools. The association of different variables are analyzed using 2 test.On perspicacity of association mingled with number of comorbidities with number of drugs and number of PIMs (table no8), the result proved that number of comorbidies are statistically associated with the number of drugs at 0.001 level of moment and number of PIMs at 0.05 level of significance. It means that as number of comorbidity increases polypharmac and PIM use also increases.On assessment of association between number of drugs and number of PIMs (table no 9), the result proved that number of drugs are statistically associated with number of PIMs at 0.05 level of significance. This result proves that polypharmacy is one of the reason for PIMs.On assess ment of association between number of DRPs with number of drugs and number of PIMs (table no10), the result proved that DRPs are statistically associated with number of PIMs at 0.01 level of significance but not associated with number of drugs at 0.05 level of significance.This result proves that DRPs is more associated with PIMs than polypharmacy which means it not the number of drugs contributing to DRPs but the use of PIMs.ConclusionOur study identified a high prevalence of PIMs use and associated DRPs in the study population. DRPs due to PIMs is preventable. Development and implementation of new criteria or modification of already existing criteria such as Beers criteria, split up STOPP criteria which will helps in safe prescribing practice can reduce the PIMs use.ReferencesBudnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Shehab N, Richards CL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in elderly Americans. N Engl J Med 2011 365 200212.Budnitz DS, Shehab N, Kegler SR, Richards CL Medication use leading to emergency department visits for adverse drug events in older adults. Ann Intern Med 2007 147 75565.Lau DT, Kasper JD, Potter DE, Lyles A, Bennett RG Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 2005 165 6874.Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004 329 159.Chrischilles EA, VanGilder R, Wright K, Kelly M, Wallace RB. Inappropriate medication use as a risk factor for self-reported adverse drug effects in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009 57 0006Avorn J, Shrank WH. Adverse drug reactions in elderly people A substantial cause of preventable illness. BMJ. 20083369567Minimizing Inappropriate Medications in Older Populations A 10-step Conceptual Framework. Ian A. Scott, MBBS, MHA, MEd,a Leonard C. Gray, MBBS, MMed, PhD,b Jennifer H. Martin, MBChB, MA (Oxon), PhD,c Charles A. Mitchell, MBBSdOpondo D. Inappropriateness of Medicationth Prescriptions to Elderly Patients in the Primary Care Setting A Systematic Review, plos one, aug 2012, volume 7, curve 8Biradar K assessment of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly patients at Basavehwar teaching hospitalIJPP 2012dec, vol 5,issue 4, 73-5Denys TL (2011) Functional Decline Associated With Polypharmacy and Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Dementia, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2011 December 26(8) 60615. doi10.1177/1533317511432734Fouquet A, Zegbeh H, Krolak-Salmon P, Mouchoux C. Detection of potentially inappropriate medication in a french geriatric teaching hospital A comparison study of the French Beers criteria and the improved prescribing in the elderly tool. J Eurger 2012 3 326-29Blozik E, Rapold R, von Overbeck J, Reich O. Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication in the adult, community-dwelling population in Switzerland. Drugs aging. 201330561-8Dormann H, Sonst A, Mller F, Vogler R, Patapovas A, Pfistermeister B, Plank-Kiegele B, Kirchner M, Hartmann N, Brkle T, Maas R. Adverse drug events in older patients admitted as an emergency the role of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly people (PRISCUS). Dtsch Arztebl Int 2013 110(13) 2139. DOI 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0213N. Nixdorff et al. Potentially inappropriate medications and adverse drug effects in elders in the ED. AJEM 2008 26 697700 defers and figuresNO. of PIM/prescriptionNumber of patientsN=110Percentage144402504531413411511Table no1 Number of PIM per Prescriptionsl nocategoryno. of PIMspercentage1PIM drugs/classes to be avoid in geriatrics (category I)195902PIM to be avoided in certain pathological condition (category II)1263PIMs to be used with caution (category III)84Table no2 Categories of PIMsl noDrugsNo. of Patientssl noDrugNo. of Patients1Alprazolam57 (29%)16Nitrofurentoin3(1.5%)2Clonazepam17(9%)17Mirtazapine2(1%)3Hyocyamine10(5%)18Cyp roheptidine2(1%)4Lorazepam10(5%)19Diazepam2(1%)5Hydroxyzine10(5%)20Piroxicam2(1%)6Zolpidem10(5%)21Prochloperazine2(1%)7Ketorolac10(5%)22Chlorphemiramine2(1%)8Aceclofenac9(4.5%)23Trihexylphenedine2(1%)9Propoxyphene8(4%)24Digoxin2(1%)10Diclofenac7(3.5%)25Phenobarbitone1(0.5%)11Spironolactone6(3%)26naproxen1(0.5%)12Prazosin5(3%)27Clinidium-chlordiazepoxide1(0.5%)13Clonidine5(3%)28Indomethacin1(0.5%)14Chlordiazepoxide3(1.5%)29Metachlopramide1(0.5%)15Amitriptyline3(1.5%)30Pheniramine1(0.5%)31pentazocine1(0.5%)Table no 3 Category 1(PIM drugs/classes to be avoid in geriatrics)Sl noDrugDiseaseNo. PatientsPercentage1KetorolacCHF182HydroxyzineConstipation2173HyocyamineConstipation3254KetorolacPUD2175CyproheptidineConstipation2176ClonazepamFrequent Fall187InsomniaTheophyllin18Table no 4 Category II (PIM to be avoided in certain pathological condition)sl noDrugNo of Patientspercentage1Mirtazapine2302 fluoxetine1103Sertraline1104Duloxetine1105Escitalapram340Table no 5 Cateegory III (PIMs to be u sed with caution)NO OF INTERACTIONPERCENTAGEPIM-PIM1612PIM- OTHER DRUGS3930OTHER DRUGS7658Table no6 Categories of Drug InteractionsSl NoDrugDRPsTotalDrug Risk Ratio1PROCLORPERAZINE824.002PHENOBARBITONE212.003DIGOXIN422.004PENTAZOCINE212.005DULOXETINE212.006NAPROXEN212.00Table no.7 Drug Risk RatioSl noVarienceNo. of comorbiditiesChi squire valueP value12 31No. of PIMs15211312.76*0.052101215 3715122No. of drugs6-81316426.77*0.0019-1182517 121719Table no8 connexion of no. of comorbidities with no. of drugs and PIMs.varienceNo. of DrugsChi squire valueP value6-89-1112-1415No. of PIMs116214321.76*0.0012142484 32554Table no 9 Association of no. drugs and no. PIMsSl noVarienceNo. of DRPsChi squire valueP value01231No. of PIMs1112110221.76*0.0012723812 314292No. of drugs6-891511111.770.059-11425612 1268310Table no10 Association of DRPs with no. of drugs and PIMsFig no1 Prevalence of PIMsFig no2 Number of Drugs Prescribed per PatientFig no3 Number of PIM per PrescriptionFig no 4 Adverse Dru g Events and Its frequencyFig no5 Adverse Drug Events and Its Frequency

Andy Warhol Essay -- Biography Biographies

Andy WarholIt is r be for an artist to become a celebrity, but Andy Warhol experienced much more than his fifteen proceeding of fame, and became an icon of his generation. Warhol was involved in many artistic fields such as painting, filmmaking and photography, but nevertheless was a businessman, social connoisseur and self-promoter. He was a major contributor to the Pop art movement, a period when mainstream objects, such as comic strips, advertisements and celebrity photos, were incorporated into many works. Warhols Campbell Soup series and later his celebrity series are some of the most well known works of pop art, that are still referenced in score and advertising today. However, not all of his works dealt with intriguing celebrities or mainstream advertising. Few people are familiar with Warhols darker side, evident in his Disaster paintings, a period in which such tragedy as, car accidents, suicide and capital punishment captured Warhols interest. These morbid works differ fr om his Pop Art masterpieces, and are crucial in understanding Warhols overall body of work. Warhol graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949, with a degree in pictorial design. He then went to New York City to work as a commercial illustrator, and later began painting towards the late 1950s. His work did not gain notoriety until or so 1962 when his Campbell soup prints and Marilyn Monroe painting gained respect in the art world. However this period was a tumultuous ...

Discussion on Iridium :: essays research papers

Competitive Attri hardlye Program V Iridium Mobile beam System ProjectThe ability to capture values along the Technology Adoption Lifecycle determines not just how successful a firm depart be, but whether it will create competitive advantage through technology. Businesses with large fixed lives, capital-intensive business plans, and specialized asset bases will face the challenge to maintain its strategic continuity because it is generally prohibitively expensive to change direction to response to any conceivable structural change. Iridium, a satellite mobile system which cost $5 billion to build, began to provide commercial telephone service on November 1 1998. This paper aims to use the Iridium Project, which I have participated at Motorola before, to dilate the incremental benefits and the pitfalls from creating competitive advantage through technology and activity system.Discussion of incremental benefits & industry analysis by using five force beat Competitor V Mobile Sate llite System (MSS) companiesThe largest competitor from MSS companies is Globalstar. Globalstars communication system is supported by low cost satellites which enhance the surmisal for Globalstar to implement a comparatively lower pricing strategy than Iridium. Although Globalstar has simpler and cheaper satellites than Iridium owns, it requires ground switching systems for effective connections. In return, the coverage of Globalstar system was restricted to vote out locations. This form of benchmarking activities within Iridium helps to formulate the strategic position and get to know a better reinforcement of strategic fit. Substitutes V Ground-Based Wireless serviceIn 1990s, ground-based wireless phone service grew rapidly around the world. A key factor in the growth of wireless phones was the adoption of a genius standard, known as GSM, in Europe and parts of Asia. There were 480 million cellular subscribers worldwide by January 2000 and it reached more than billions before 2 005. The economy of scale that introduced will provide the extent of competitive pressure in the business environment. It helps to stimulate Iridium to consider price-performance tradeoff that offered by the substitutes and the need of product differentiation alternatives in advance.Customers/Buyers V Global business travelersMajor guest consists of the businessman who is willing to travel around the world as well as staying in gain with the office and home. In account of the industries that operate in remote areas, the competitive positioning option of Iridium tends to be access-based to reach differently accessible customer with the similar need in terms of communication. Iridium designed a set of activities to make tradeoffs in competing, for instance, reduce marketing campaign in urban areas and brand name development for large corporations.