Malaysian Pest Analysis: Government Report

Malayan Pest abridgment Government ReportThe objectives in this section exit reveal on what does the offers of this research project served. Firstly, this project leave behind briefly discuss to the highest degree PESTE ( political, Economic, Sociocultural, Technology, and Ecological) analysis on Malaysia. The discussion get out go on into the literary works part whereby it will firstly discuss various type of definitions of holidaymakerry. therefore it will discuss about the touristry planning five approaches which will be Boosterism, Economic, Physical/Spatial, Community and Sustainable that has been utilized by Malaysia governance.1.2.1 PoliticMalaya, which is now known as the peninsular Malaysia, became independent on high-flown 31, 1957. In yr 1963, Malaya merged with Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak to formed Malaysia. solely after 2 years, Singapore has be discern an independent state on 9 alarming 1965. Now, Malaysia consists of 13 invokes whereby 11 of its at omic number 18 on Malay Peninsula and the new(prenominal) two, Sabah and Sarawak argon on the island of Borneo. It has three federal territories which is Kuala Lumpur, Labuan island, and Putrajaya federal administrative territory. Each state has an assembly and government which argon headed by a chief minister. Among 13 of these states, 9 of the states strike hereditary rulers which ar usually titled as sultans magical spell the rest of the four states involve appointed governors in copy positions.Although Malaysia is known for its strict rules simply tourist who be pull in to iting Malaysia non more than than one month does not require visa from the Malaysian Immigration Department. It is as well serious that conflictingers follow the conditions and laws of Malaysia.1.2.2 EconomyAfter 1957 where Malaysia became independent, the sparing of the sphere was mainly based on rubber and tin. Since whence, economy was maturation and become a more industrialized market. I n the 1997-1998 East Asian crises, Malaysia was one of the countries that inculpated in the Asian crisis but did not involve the International Monetary Fund (Sundaram, 2006). But it recovered from the recession in truth fast and since then, the economic was very stable with a GDP ramble of RM679,687 million in year 2009 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). The government has spend an amount of RM 40.1 jillion in subsidizing petrol, natural gas, food and road tolls in year 2007. Malaysia also does have a lower percentage in unemployment rate which is 3.3% put down in July 2010 and 3.1% in August 2010 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010).1.2.3 Socio-cultural agree to the Official Website of Department of Statistics Malaysia which was updated on 02 July 2010, it is stated that Malaysia currently has 28.25 millions people. It is well known that Malaysia is a multicultural country which consists of a mixture different ethnic which are Chinese, Indian, Malay, and also auto chthonic and others. Malays energizes up al approximately half of the Malaysia and then follows by Chinese and Indian. most(prenominal) of the Malays are Islam while others may be large to Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism or other/none. Malaysia was enter an annual rate of growth of 2.0%.The prescribed language used in Malaysia was Bahasa Melayu, then followed by other language such as Chinese which comes with various dialects, English, Tamil and others. This makes Malaysia a perfect country for tourist to visit because there will be no language barriers for them as long as they mountain speak any one of them.1.2.4 TechnologyMalaysia has a very advantageously national and international telephone lines. It is because Peninsular Malaysia are using microwave radio relay and it provide a good connectivity between cities. It also have two international earth move and also two Intelsat which are located at Indian naval and Pacific Ocean. Thus, tourists who are travelling to Mala ysia will have no connectivity problem. By now, Malaysia has a add together of nine Internet Service Provider (ISP). around of them are P1 WIMAX, Maxis Broadband, Streamyx, Jaring, Celcom Broadband and so on. On the other hand, Malaysia also have a good head for the hills of radio and television stations. It has 19 radio stations that are owned by private sector while 34 stations are owned by government. Furthermore, Malaysia has 58 airports. 36 of them are on East Malaysia while the rest, 22 are on Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, these technologies that available in this country will definitely make life easier for tourists.1.2.5 EcologicalMalaysia is full of biodiverse range of flora and fauna which underside be found around the country. It is because the tropical rainforests comprises to almost 70% of Malaysia total land sphere. Malaysia has been recorded that it has the worlds fifth largest of globegrove forest whereby the world largest mangrove forest area is in Sundarban, Ban gladesh. Ever since Malaysia has been filled with a spread of natural resources and environs, the government has also take part in preserving the environment to pr font further damage world caused to it.The government has put a lot of effort in preserving this environment by firstly introducing the tonal pattern Pollutant Index (API). The API is an indicator of air quality and was developed based on scientific assessment to indicate in an easily understood behavior (Department of Environment, 2007). Besides, the Department of Environment (DOE) also conducted the National Ambient Noise observe Programme to determine the Malaysian ambience post in year 2006 (Department of Environment, 2007). For the river water quality control, the DOE has started to monitoring the river since 1978 (Department of Environment, 2007).2. Literature Review2.1.1 Definitions of tourismThere is no single definition of tourism to which constantlyyone adheres. Many definitions have been used over the y ears, several(prenominal) of which are universal and can be applied to any situation, while others fulfill a specific purpose (Weaver and Lawton, 2010).But a more recent definition from WTO (1991 cited in Mason, 2003, p. 5) delimit tourism as the workivities of a person traveling outside his or her usual environment for less than a specified period of sequence whose main purpose of travel is other than for exercise of an activity remunerate from the couch visited.However, none of these two definitions makes any connection to the impacts of tourism whereby impacts are the key to any discussion of the planning and management of tourism (Mason 2003, p. 5). But Jafari (1981, p. 3 cited in Mason, 2003, p.5) stated that tourism is a study of man (sic) away from his usual habitat, of the perseverance which responds to his needs and the impacts that both he and the industry have for the socio-cultural, economic and physical environments.2.2 tourism Planning Approaches2.2.1 Boosterism Boosterism has long existed ever since tourism started. Boosterism can also be defined as the act of boosting a travel termination or a city which are done usually by the people in the area affected. foyer (2000) comment that boosterism has long been the dominant tradition towarfareds tourism since mass tourism began. Hence, sorts of effective method are being exploited in disposition to boost a place. A place which is full of resources such as cultural and natural can be taken as an example. Malaysia is a good set of example for cultural and nature tourism with its animate rich resources.Although boosterism has been active for a long period but it was still discovered by people when big final result such as Commonwealth games and Formula 1 racing event are being held in different countries (Hall, 2000). The changes in tourist arrival and room offer by hotel can be noticed easily when these huge event are being held.It can be seen that Malaysia has been trying hard to labour the country by using different type of promotion to cast different type of tourist. For example, there is one event called Malaysia twelvemonth hold on exchange (YES) that is ongoing from 20 November 2010 to 2 January 2011 (Tourism Malaysia, 2010). The event purpose is to draw out shopping tourist to Malaysia because at that time, all shop around Malaysia will be having alot of discount which can never be seen during other period.another(prenominal) side of boosterism by Malaysia is advertising. The Minister of Tourism Malaysia has launched an advertising campaign called whizz Malaysia for SMRT trains, busses, and taxis in Singapore (Tourism Malaysia, 2008). This advertising campaign specifically targets the public shipping because it was popular among the locals and foreign tourists (Tourism Malaysia, 2008).From another side we can also see that Malaysia has successfully in promoting Malaysia in September 2006 whereby Tourism Malaysia has signed a 2 million deal with Manches ter United to promote Visit Malaysia Year 2007. This has also directly make Tourism Malaysia as one of the official sponsors of Manchester United Football Club (MANUTD, 2010).2.2.2 EconomicWhen tourism emerged as a part of economic sector in the decades following World war II, most researchers and government administrators assumed its growth to be a irrefutable and desirable process (Lawton, 2010). Ever since then, legion(predicate) countries have used this as an opportunity to promote their country to other world as a tourist curl upion. Countries with natural resources such as cultural and heritage area, diachronic place that are left behind after the impact of war will be a great win to the particular country in promoting tourism. Actually what can tourism contributes to a countrys economic status? The contribution can usually be measured at either a national level or at the local or regional scale. The impacts of tourism to economy are as followforeign exchange earningsgov ernment revenuesgeneration of employmentregional development. sensation of the main characteristics of the economic approach is the use of marketing and promotion to attract the type of visitor who will provide the greatest economic benefit to the destination given the destinations specific tourist resources (Hall, 2000). For example, the Malaysia Year End Sale promotion that will be launching soon. Although the promotion will be all around Malaysia but it will be more tension on Kuala Lumpur, the heavy(p) city of Malaysia because tourist will normally more focus in capital city. With the p modifyy of resources available in capital city such as high-end shopping malls, the promotion can be executed flawlessly with its aim achieved.2.2.3 Physical/SpatialIn the make it decade of the twentieth century, it was noted that tourism depends ultimately upon the environment, as it is a major tourism attraction itself, or is the context in which tourism activity takes place (Holden, 2000). However, Lawton and Weaver (2010) argued that problems can occur if a destination becomes too dependent on tourism, or if the sector is controlled (or is perceived to be controlled) by outside interests. It is indeed a fact that tourism can cause both invisible and visible impacts to the environment. Therefore in battle array to minimise the impact that tourism can caused to the environment, Hall (2000) suggests that visitor managers should assay to manipulate travel patterns by concentrating or dispersing tourists in sensitive areas. For example, some(prenominal) national park limits a certain number of visitors per day to find out minimal impact that can be caused to the area.Malaysia is indeed a most fortunate country that are blessed with a wide range of natural and cultural assets. Since it is blessed with so many assets, people who lived in the country each has their own responsibilities to take care of the environment. Therefore, the Malaysia government has come up with a campaign called 1MALAYSIA GREEN TOURISM, 1MALAYSIA CLEAN. The reason for launching this event was to built up the passion of people in keeping fairish the environment, especially tourist attraction destinations. This campaign was also based on the tagline Think Tourism. Act Tourism by Minister of Tourism, YB Dato Sri Dr, Ng Yen Yen (1Malaysia Green Clean).2.2.4 Community2.2.5 Sustainable2.3 The Butlers theory termNumber of touristsExplorationInvolvementDevelopment integratingStagnation(Rejuvenation)(Continued stagnation)(Decline) scathing carrying capacity thresholdSource Adapted from Butler 1980.2.3.1 ExplorationAn business relationship from oxford dictionary described exploration as the action of searching an area for natural resources. This can also be explained as a tourist tried to explore a destination (tourist destination) for leisure or relaxation. According to Butler, the exploration stage is characterised by very small numbers of visitors who are dispersed passim the destnation and remain for an extended period of time ( Lawton and Weaver, 2010).In brief, exploration can also be described as the pre-tourism or the starting of a tourist attraction destination where not many people are there yet and most of the people does not know about it. Visitors that went to the place will experienced the most countrified kind of services whereby improvement have not been done yet. most of the exploration usually started from urban area. Malaysia first exploration started in the thirteenth century when Malacca was founded by a Sumatran prince. The place by and by became the most influential port city in the Southeast Asia during that time. That is the place where traders from all part of the world gathered and that was the time Malaysia was exposed to other countries visitors. But after Malaysia being exposed, a lot of countries tried to earmark Malaysia due to its rich resources. After 138 years, Malaysia finally gained its independence in 1957and since t hen Malaysia has undergone a tremendous growth and prosperity since 1957.2.3.2 InvolvementThe involvement in here means that the involvement parties which may include visitors, government, or entrepreneurs. local anaesthetic entrepreneurs will begin to provide a limited amount of specialize services and facilities in response to the appearance of tourists, thereby inaugurating an incipient tourism industry (Lawton and Weaver, 2010). Specialised services such as small alimentation places, inn, and maybe small transportation services might also be available. With these services, visitors might also be increasing but in a slow phase because things are still undeveloped.The role of advertising will also started in this phase as it will induces a determinable pattern of seasonal variation. The place will started to get mentioned in articles and brochures but the affected part are still considered a small area. pipeline start to spread in a slow manner.2.3.3 Development2.3.4 Consolida tion2.3.5 Stagnation2.3.6 Rejuvenation or DeclineRejuvenationDecline3. methodologyThe method that was used in completing this assignment includes web browsing. several(prenominal) web search engine are being used often are Google, Yahoo and Wikipedia. These web search engine are just now being used as a bridge to the information that we needed. Besides, government website are also being used frequently to acquire important facts and figures about the country. Website such as Malaysia Tourism Board, Department of Statistics Malaysia, and Malaysia Government introduction are where some of the facts and figures being collected.Other than websites, the information was also collected from books that are available daily in our institute. Several books have been lent in order to complete this assignment. Books such as Tourism Management, Tourism Planning Policies, Processes and Relationships, and Tourism Impacts Planning and Management are noticeable by means ofout the assignment as citations are mostly quoted from these books. E-journal has also contributed quite some figure in this assignment whereby most of them are acquire through the institute research databases which are the MDIS EBSCOhost research databases.4. Analysis and Discussions

Comparison of Specific Heat Capacity of Different Metals

Comparison of limited lovingness Capacity of Different MetalsSamerah ManshaAimThe aim of this investigation was to heartbeat the specific erupting system capacity (SHC) of various distinct admixtures such as aluminum, beseech and formation of diametric volumes to find out if they all(prenominal) absorb the same SHC or different.Additionally, disengagement was make use ofd to ginmill how efficient insulation was against rouse up loss.HypothesisPrevious research in background learning states that there should be a difference in the midst of the SHC of aluminum, brass and press out. empty HypothesisThere will be no difference between the SHC of aluminum, iron and brass.PredictionThe SHC of aluminum will be spicyer than iron and copper, this is because the volume the slight dense the meta lis, thus the higher the SHC because the metals contains big atoms which late heat up thus more than goose egg is mandatory to afford the molecules get hot and move close t o. Insulation will also agnise a difference by conserving the heat energy, which will give more immaculate results as more heat will most promising be conserved and not incapacitated.Background informationThermal energy is the amount of energy of a substance or system which is associated to its temperature. heatingandtemperature atomic number 18 some(prenominal) related with thermic energy but differ. Heat is the transmission of thermal energy from one aspiration to another due to temperature differences between them.Heat is the heart and soul energy of all the molecule motion deep down the object and is measure in joules. Whereas temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of an object, i.e.how hot or refrigerating,therefore its a measure of average thermal energy of molecules within substance and calculated in degrees Celsius.Temperature drive out be heedful via the Celsius and atomic number 19 surmounts. The Celsius scale is built upon two fixed points, the freezing mark at 0C and boiling point at 100C, whereas potassium scale is based on absolute zero at -273 where particles micturate minimum energy. The Celsius scale has degrees the same size as Kelvin,but Kelvin scale starts 273 light than Celsius absolute zero scale, for example 0 C is 273 degrees.When heat energy is transferred to an object, its temperature increase is dependent upon, the mass of object, the material the object is do from and lastly the amount of energy transferred to object. The more heat energy transferred to object results in a more temperature increase.The SHC of a substance is known as the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of substance by 1C. Different substances cause different SHC e.g. water, oxygen and metals. Water has a high SHC of 4200 j/kgC, School Physics, 2013.This therefore makes water suitable for storing heat energy which is efficiently useful for transporting it around home via heating pipes.Metals atomic number 18 go od conductors of heat, yet non-metals ar usually poor conductors of heat which are called insulators. Heat energy is simply conducted from hot end of object towards the cold end and the electrons within metal leave their atoms therefore move around within the metal as free electrons. The metal atoms which are left-hand(a) behind are known as charged metal ions.These ions are placed carefully together whilst vibrating constantly.The hotter the metal becomes, it results in the the vibrations gaining more energising energy. As a result, this kinetic energy gets transferred from hot parts of metal towards cooler parts via free electrons.These free electrons then move end-to-end the metal, each colliding with m whatever ions transferring heat energy as they go along.Metals with a high SHC event a lot of heat energy and take a long time to heat up and cool down.Heat can be transferred via conduction, convection and radiation.Conduction is thermal energy transfer which occurs in soli ds that are in conflict with each other, ca employ particles to gain energy and vibrate, going on heat energy to nearby particles, resulting in rise of temperature at other side. Convection is another type of thermal energy transfer which occurs in liquids and gases where particles freely move. Particles with kinetic energy move from hotter regions to cooler regions, transferring thermal energy. radiotherapy is known as heat transfer that doesnt need contact between heat source and heated object,due to heat having the potential to be transmitted via empty space by thermal radiation.Heat can also be stored in the form of insulation. Insulation prevents or reduces heat from escaping an object by providing a barrier between areas that are importantly different in temperature.Materials12v immersion heater of 50w actorBlock of aluminum, iron and brass with a hole in the middleWires6V power renderAmmeter wiretap ClockTop Pan BalanceThermometersInsulationStop watchRulerInsulating mate rialMethodFirstly all the metal blocks were weighed via a top pan balanceThe metal blocks were then measured via a ruler for their length and diameter.The thermometer was vomit up into each of small unharmed in the metal blocks so that the sign temperature could be measured.Figures1 Measuring the initial temperature of the metal blocks.The immersion heater was connected up to a 6V voltmeter and ammeter via wires.The 6v power interpret and was switched on until the immersion heater was warm.The immersion heater was put into the large hole in the metal blocks and the stop clock was started. aft(prenominal) 10 minute the power supply was switched off and the temperature of the block was measured and recorded.This method and chosen measurements were chosen as previous research using a similar method gained successful results via this method therefore to mend dependability a similar method was used.As heat was lost during the practical, a modification was made order to prevent hea t loss, which obscure the same examine to be repeated in the same room but this time the metals were surrounded with insulation material to reduce the amount of heat loss and would result in more reliable results.Figures Aluminum, brass and iron wrapped up in insulating material.SafetyThe immersion heaters were chequered before use each that were faulty were rejected and replaced. Heat unsusceptible gloves were worn when handling the immersion heater and the heated up metals to preventing any burns. The wires were also checked thoroughly to see any defaults. Additionally, the power supply was made sure it was turned off when not in use to prevent any electrocution.Results remit 1 Measurements of the metalsTable 2 Results of the non-insulated metals. delinquent to heat being lost to the environment, an insulating material was wrapped around the blocksTable 3 Results of the insulated metals.AnalysisEquation for SHC = E = m c Heat energy (E) = Mass kg (m) x SHC J/gC (C) x Temp erature changeC ()Table4 SHC calculations of the non-insulating metalsTable4 SHC calculations of SHC of insulating metals showing more accurate results which will be used end-to-end the discussion and conclusion. chart1 Graph showing the comparison of SHC results of metals with and without insulation.ObservationsThe results of the insulated aluminum showed the highest SHC, as aluminum takes 0.121J of heat to raise 1 gram by 1C.With the least SHC being the insulated iron needed 0.055J of heat to raise 1 gram of the condition metal by1C.The results showed that insulated metals showed an overall increase of SHC of the metals, thus more accurate as more heat is conserved and is not much heat would be lost to the environment.The metals without the insulation showed a lower SHC due to heat being lost to the environment, thus are less(prenominal) accurate.DiscussionResearch states that the true pass judgment for SHC of aluminum is 0.903J/gC,therefore it would depend that my result of 0 .121J/gC is not accurate, when errors are taken into account.The accepted value for SHC of brass is 0.380/gC and the result achieved within the essay was 0.055/gC which was again quiet far off.The accepted value for the SHC of iron is 0.44/gC and the result achieved from the try was 0.051/gC.Graph3 Comparison of results of SHC from this experiment and actual published SHC.The published set of SHC show that iron has a higher SHC than brass, but within my experiment brass has a slightly higher SHC value than iron.Overall the results achievedfrom this experiment are quiet significantly lower than the actual SHC values for the given metals. This therefore shows that even with insulation a lot of heat was dumb lost from the metals.ConclusionRegardless of the SHC results not being as accurate as the published results, the hypotheses and prediction was proven jell and were fully support by the evidence of the results achieved within this experiment, as each metal had a different SHC v alue thus showing variation. This is due to the metals having different volumes. It was also predicted that aluminum would capture a higher SHC than iron and brass, which was proven line up as aluminum had a larger volume thus less dense so it would need an higher SHC because more energy is needed to heat upSHC is therefore affected by the volume of a metal, as the atoms and molecules found within the metal are packed other than thus heat up at different rates,EvaluationAs the SHC results achieved were not as accurate to the published SHC values, this whitethorn due to limitations which may have been present within the experiment such as the set-back being the accuracy of the measuring thermometers which only allowed one to measure in whole degrees and has an a error of 0.05C. To overcome this limitation a digital thermometer which is more exact could have been used to achieve more accurate readings.It was also quiet tight to keep the current constant which would have affected t he SHC as different flow of current allows a different flow of electrons to transfer to flow of heat energy, thus a electric resistance could have been used to control it.Another limitation could have been because it was difficult to get all the results at the same time, i.e. the temperature and current at correct time, using a scientific computer to measure the variables would remove any human errors with reaction times when measuring time and this would achieve temperate reading within few milliseconds.The results showed that even no insulation on metals heat was still lost thus couldnt achieve an accurate SHC values. Regardless of having insulation heat was still lost which could have been the indicate for the inaccuracy.Additionally another limitation could have been that the insulating material used was all different for each metal, thus showing that different. This effects the results as different insulation materials have different properties, thus reducing reliability as not all materials could have been useful in conserving heat energy.On the other hand, the use of electrical balance to measure the masses of the metals within experiment avoided any uncertainties and errors related to the mass value, thus increasing reliability of data to some extent.Overall to improve reliability the experiment could have been repeated four times to obtain average SHC results leading to more accurate results, thus helping to reduce random errors.ReferencesAppendix1

Gender Inequality In Developing Countries

Gender disagreement In Developing CountriesOccupational gender segregation continued from sequence to era and is apparent in lands of the globe Grusky and England 2004 Moshe and Frank 1999 Preston 1999 Rosenfeld and Spenner 1992. Anker (1997) distinguished devil main explanations for why occupational gender segregation should is a continuing concern first, it is a major foundation of labor market rigidity and economic incompetency. Second, it is detrimental to women in the sense that segregation brings about noisome views of both men and women as a result, affecting womens emplacement, income, education, skills (Anker 1997).The important burden related with occupational gender segregation is the segregation of the payment methods and the unremitting sex discrepancy in earnings with women on the inferior edge. The semblance of the gender wage gap is to 5 to 40 percent disposed to spirtplace segregation is seemingly advanced than the amount by calling break 15 percent and equivalent worth wage upgrading 5 percent (Hakim 1992 Preston 1999).There are two fictional characters of segregation horizontal segregation, which occurs when in that respect is a concentration of women and men in a determined elds and occupations, and produces contrast in terms of career, pension and vertical segregation, which take place when there is a focus of women and men in determined degrees and levels of responsibility or positions, and produces dissimilarity on salaries.2.2 An Overview of Gender Inequality in Developing CountriesThe slue of gender inequality can be considered as a cosmopolitan aspect of ontogenesis countries. Unlike women in developed countries who are, in telling terms, economically empowered and call for a powerful function that demands an reference and positive action, women in developing countries are generally silent and their voice has been stifled by economic and cultural factors.Economic and cultural factors, unneurotic with institutio nal factors state the gender-based division of labour, rights, responsibilities, opportunities, and nettle to and control over resources. Education, literacy, introduction to media, meshing, decision making, among other things, are some of the areas of gender disparity.One of the areas of disparity between males and females is related to the difference in their employment term which is manifested by occupational segregation, gender-based wage gaps, and womens unequal representation in idle employment, gratuitous work and higher unemployment rates (UNFPA, 2005). As women in developing countries have low status in the community, the activities they perform tend to be wanted slight(prenominal) and womens low status is also perpetuated through the low cling to placed on their activities (March et al., 1999).In-depth analysis of DHS by Hindin (2005) shewed that only 17% of women in Zimbabwe, 12% in Zambia and 4% in Malawi have higher status job than their partners. The respecti ve destinys of women whose partners have higher status jobs are 52, 43 and 53.Women are also overrepresented in the informal empyrean. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 84% of womens non-agricultural employment is informal compared to 63% of mens. The figure is found to be 58% and 48% for women and men, respectively in Latin America (UNFPA, 2005). Studies generally doom that women are more likely to be engaged in work which is for longer hours than men. For instance, in 18 of the 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, great than 50% of women were occupied and even in six of these countries the fortune of employed women was greater than 75% (Mukuria et al.,2005).However, as almost of the employed women work in agricultural and other activities which are mostly considered to be having limited or no financial returns, their employment does not contribute much to their status in the workplace. Thus, women in those countries are dependent on their partners in most aspects of their life. In spit e of its importance in enabling women to get access to information about personal health behaviours and practices, household, and community, the percentage of women exposed to unalike types of media is limited in most developing countries.Womens limited access to education, employment opportunity, and media, attached with cultural factors, reduces their decision making power in the order in general and in a household in particular. Regarding their mesh in decision making at national level, though the function of women in national parliaments has been increasing, no country in the world has besides achieved gender parity.According to the millennium indicators data base of the United Nations, cited in the UNFPA (2005), the percentage of parliamentary seats held by women in 2005 was 16% at world level, 21% in developed countries, and 14% in developing countries. This low representation of women in national parliaments could be due, among others, to type of electoral systems indiff erent countries, womens social and economic status, socio-cultural traditions and beliefs about womens place in the family and society, and womens double burden of work and family responsibilities (UNFPA, 2005).Women are underrepresented in the formal sector of employment. The muckle conducted by the Central Statistical Authority (CSA, 2004) showed that women account for less than half (43%) of the total employees in the country. Considering the percentage of female employees from the total total of employees by employment type, the highest was in domestic activities (78%) and followed by unpaid activities (59.3%). In other types of formal employment (e.g. administration, NGOs, private organizations), the percentage of female workers is less than 35.On the other hand, the survey showed overrepresentation of female workers in the informal sector. nigh 58% of working women work in the informal sector whereas the percentage of working men in the informal sector was 37.7 % (ibid).Th e breakdown of the national government employees by occupational groups also indicated gender disparity. From federal government employees found in the clerical and fiscal type of jobs 71.3 % were female, while the percentage of females was slightly more than half (51%) in custodial and manual type of jobs.Women make up 25% and 18% of the administrative and professional and scientific job categories, respectively, indicating that upper and middle level positions are overwhelmingly reign by men (Federal genteel Service Commission, 2005). This concentration of women in the informal sector and low level positions has implication on their earnings. In this regard, the survey showed four out of ten women civil servants earn Birr ccc a month compared to two out of ten for men (Federal Civil Service Commission, 2005).Ethiopian womens access to mass media is one of the lowest. In their DHS comparative report, Mukuria et al. (2005) show that, among 25 Sub-Saharan African countries,

Financial Ratio And Operating Indicator Analysis Case Study

Financial Ratio And Operating Indicator Analysis vitrine StudyRiverview Community Hospital operates as a not for earn facility with 210 inpatient beds. The mo authorizeary ratio and operating indicator outline of Riverview Community Hospital will attempt to get their surgery at heart their market. The tho prisement of the silver flows, Du Pont equation, and economic range added (EVA) will strait insight to their monetary performance.The assessment of the hospitals cash flows will allow the evaluator to determine if the companys core operations were profitable, how capital was raised, and how the institutions pecuniary strategies effected their cash position. The ending cash and investments for 2009 were reduced by almost forty-five per centum from the forward year.This downward trend may become an celestial orbit of concern, because it could micturate an in top executive for the hospital to pay its daily operating commitments. The fixed addition acquisitions hav e continued to exceed the depreciation indicating a possible argona of investigation for budget development to control costs. This was a decrease of xlvi percent from the previous year and may train further financial strategies to justify their expenditure. The most signifi squeeze outt factor affecting the change in the cash flow was the payment of long term debt ($1.4 million) as compared to the previous year when more than $3.5 million was incurred to cover for their capital purchases.The Du Pont abstract offers the trouble an overall understanding of the profitability of the institution. Riverviews total valuation reserve of 6.75% falls at bottom the upper quartile of the fabrication information for hospitals with 200-299 beds (Table 2). This high profit margin indicates that Riverview has succeed emend control over its total expenses than the majority of similar sizing hospitals. The summation dollar volume of 0.67 falls deep down the lowest quartile of similar h ospitals. This plus custom indicates that the hospital is not very efficient in generating revenues for all(prenominal) dollar of asset. The candour multiplier factor of 1.69 falls below the normal data group. This indicates that the institution possesses lower debt financing and lower risk than the aver come on hospital but this results in reducing its financial lever mount. Riverviews return on equity (ROE) falls just above the median of similar size hospitals at 7.66% which translates to 7.6 cents profit for every dollar of revenue. This is significantly lower than the top quartile of parallel facilities that had more than double Riverviews ROE.The analysis of the income statement and the balance sheet requires the calculations of financial ratios to obtain meaningful data that can be compared to persistence values. at that place are numerous ratios that can be utilized to assess the financial status of a business. The profitability ratios of Riverview fall indoors the median ply, barely their total profit margin of 6.75% (Table 3). This level places it within the upper quartile of comparable hospitals. This would indicate that Riverview manages to control expenses well. Riverviews real ratio and days cash on hand fall within the top 25 percent of the industry data. These liquidity ratios indicate that Riverviews current assets would provide $2.67 for every dollar of current liabilities, and they have 32.72 days of cash on hand. These ratios indicate to their creditors that they are in position to meet their financial obligations. The debt management ratios all fall within the median range. The asset management ratios fall within the median range except the fixed and total asset turnover. Riverviews utilization of assets falls within the lowest quartile. The fixed asset turnover of 0.86 times may be an indication of their inability to offer specific services. The total asset turnover of 0.67 times is not as low as its fixed asset indicating t hey are utilizing current assets better than fixed assets. Inflation or age of the hospital may adversely affect these ratios however, Riverview has an estimated fixed asset age of 6.12 years. Riverview falls within lower quartile to indicate that their hospital offers more recently purchased acquisitions.The operating indicator analysis examines internal data to determine the factors that domiciliate to the financial status of the company. These indicators are used by managers to identify and withdraw financial strategies for the future. Riverviews profit indicators are within the median range of the industry however, the significant downward trend for profit per inpatient discharge should be followed closely (Table 4). The profit per outpatient visit has improved but is still controvert. The net price per visit and revenue percent of outpatient services are both within the upper quartile. The outpatient services are still not producing a profit with the increased price per vis it. Riverviews occupancy rate is within the median range, but their average daily census is within the lower quartile. This would further indicate their need to utilize fixed assets more effectually. The hospitals adjusted length of stay is within the lowest quartile indicating a good management of discharging patients. The garishness of service indicators show that the cost per discharge and visit are within the lowest quartile but their case mix is in the upper quartile. They are providing more intense service to their patients at a lower cost. The outpatient tire hours per visit are within the upper quartile at 9.24 hours. The outpatient service would require further investigation of these higher labor hours to increase efficiency.The economic value added (EVA) measures the managements ability to create or destroy wealth for their company. Stern Stewart Co. (Stern, 2010) develop this metric to offer a more effective evaluation of managements ability to provide stockholders value. The EVA analysis of profitability takes into depict all costs including capital, equity, and its financing. The higher the EVA measure, the more effective management is at creating value for their shareholders. The EVA measurement for Riverview has trended negatively over the two previous years but has improved twenty-five percent this past last year to -1.2 million (Figure 1). The factors contributing to this negative change were shrinking profits and an increasing accumulation of capital. The EVA dollar heart and soul in 2009 improved due to decreased capital purchases and reduction in long term debt. The limitation of the EVA calculation does not offer an allowance account for the social value provided to the community by the not-for-profit facility.The assessment of the financial performance of Riverview Community Hospital reveals several areas of concern. The further analysis of fixed asset acquisitions should be justified by the hospitals financial strategies. These capital purchases significantly outperform the yearly depreciation allowance. Riverviews REO analysis reveals a significant decrease in total margin that remains in the upper quartile of their industry. The hospital should assess the viability of improving both total asset turnover and equity multiplier to bring their ROE in line with their level of total margin performance. They should determine if improved fixed asset utilization will better leverage them within the market. The profit of their outpatient services is an area that should be targeted for effective cost reduction strategies.The financial ratio and operating indicator analysis may have several limitations that need to be addressed. The income from non-operating revenue for not-for-profit hospitals can be unpredictable and inconsistent. This outside source of revenue can be a significant portion of their income. This could distort the calculations based on that exceedingly unreliable income. The many financial ratios may not fully account for the not-for-profit status of the hospital and may need further analysis to determine their validity. The unaccounted equity provided to the community is not factored into the equations. The additional healthcare benefits provided to the shareholders of the community may out weight the decrease in effective asset utilization by the facility.